GREG JENNETT:
In the fight against inflation and ever rising grocery prices, farmers have been caught in the middle of debate on the effect of pricing on customers. The Minister responsible for competition, Andrew Leigh, has been taking a close look at the farming sector. We spoke to him earlier. Andrew Leigh, good to have you back with us. Now, you’ve given a speech today on competition, pointing out that it’s definitely lacking in the agriculture or farming sector. They feel it in lots of ways, according to your presentation, through the harvesters, they buy and maintain seeds and spray that they put in the field and cattle they sell at the yard. So, you’ve highlighted it. What’s the solution?
ANDREW LEIGH:
Well, Greg, as you say, farmers are the meat in the market concentration sandwich. You often get a lot of farmers, but just a few suppliers, and just a few people they can sell to. Part of the answer is the Food and Grocery Code of Conduct being made mandatory rather than voluntary as it was under the Liberals and Nationals. That ensures that farmers get a fairer deal when they’re negotiating with supermarkets. Part of it is also about banning unfair contract terms, which we did when we came to office. Those unfair contract terms were hurting small farmers in areas like fertiliser contracts or potato grower retailing, and that ensures that the small guy gets a better deal.
JENNETT:
What’s the argument against strong entities with big networks of dealers, typically in small country towns. So, you might buy for instance, a John Deere tractor and sure you are completely tethered then to the local dealer, the local repairer, the software, they own, but around that sits local jobs as well. Why would you want to disrupt those big strong entities with their networks across the land?
LEIGH:
Well, the same argument was made with cars where dealers argued that only they should be able to fix their cars. But the decision that the parliament made, which I was pleased to kick off from July 2022, was that there ought to be a right to repair, a sharing of the information. These pieces of farm machinery are now incredibly advanced, John Deere has more software engineers than mechanical engineers on staff. And so we’re looking carefully at whether there ought to be a right to repair, whether it’s possible to in the first instance, strike an arrangement between those independent repairers and the farm suppliers and so anyone can fix their machinery if they have the right qualifications.
JENNETT:
Do they exist, these independent repairers, or exist in large enough number to make a difference?
LEIGH:
No, you go to exactly the right question, Greg. When you’re talking about independent mechanics, there’s thousands of them across the country. When you talk about independents to fix farm machinery, there’s fewer of them around. But the problem is really acute for farmers because if a harvester can’t operate for a week, that can be the difference of thousands of dollars in the price that the farmer receives. So, with that risk of spoilage, you do need to get a quicker fix and an independent repair sector may be part of the answer.
JENNETT:
Might it be necessary when you look at the conglomerates that make seed and sprays for agriculture – most of them are very large multinationals – might it be necessary to consider having a power to break them up?
LEIGH:
Look, we haven’t gone for divestment, but we are concerned about the degree of market concentration and that’s why we’ve introduced into parliament the biggest merger shake up in 50 years. Jim Chalmers introduced that in the parliament just in the last sittings. And that’s a really key part of economic reform for us, continuing the competition legacy of the Hawke and Keating governments.
JENNETT:
If you push this agenda all the way through in all the areas of agriculture that we’re discussing here, possible to estimate price reductions for consumers, those of us who buy food made by Australian farmers, grown by Australian farmers at Australian supermarkets?
LEIGH:
The best estimate we’ve got, Greg, is if we return the economy to the levels of competition that prevailed at the turn of the millennium, is that we’d boost GDP by somewhere between one and 3 per cent. That’s in line with estimates that suggested that the National Competition Policy reforms of the 1990s benefited the typical Australian by about 2.5 per cent. These are massive gains and they’re key in dealing with cost‑of‑living issues. [A lack of] competition drives down prices and drives up wages. It also reduces innovation and productivity if you have a lack of competition in the market. So, we need a more competitive and dynamic economy for our farmers and for people who work in other sectors.
JENNETT:
Inevitably, you touch on trade in your speech and there’s some big clouds sitting over global trade at the moment, principally from the United States. There’s an event happening there in a week’s time. If the US erects higher tariff walls, particularly on Chinese goods, with the suggestion from candidate Trump of a 60 per cent tariff. What do you estimate the effect on China’s demand for raw ingredients produced by Australia? How much could that drop off by virtue of a US tariff change?
LEIGH:
Australia has been a strong advocate of open markets and the Cairns Group of agricultural free trading nations was spearheaded by Australia in order to get a better deal at the World Trade Organisation. Obviously, the Americans will make their own decision. But I’m a passionate free trader because I believe that’s strongly in the interests of Australian consumers and producers. Our farmers in particular have benefited from freer trade and that old era of ‘protection all round’ meant that farmers paid too much for their machines and got too little for their exports as a result of retaliatory tariffs.
JENNETT:
Would there be a balancing out here? Sure. China’s demand under the scenario I’ve described, China’s demand for iron ore and coal might drop off because they’re selling fewer goods manufactured into the United States. But by the same token, goods already made need to go somewhere else. Could Australian consumers benefit by China offloading product that might otherwise have been intended for the United States?
LEIGH:
Greg, a medium‑sized economy that is engaged with the world like Australia, benefits when trade barriers are low. As Joan Robinson, the great Cambridge economist put it, it’s always worth taking the rocks out of your own harbours, better yet if your trading partners take the rocks out of theirs. So, our interest is strongly in a rules‑based trading system and in low tariffs around the world. Governments in Australia have consistently argued for that. It’s in the national interest and it boosts wages and means Australians get better prices for the goods they buy.
JENNETT:
So, are you nervous about what you’re hearing from political debate emanating from the US?
LEIGH:
Well, of course we’re all watching the US election and it’s a fascinating show every 4 years, but that’s a decision for the American people.
JENNETT:
All right, we might come back to that when we actually get a result in a week or so time. Andrew, one final one. Can’t let you go without asking because we’re asking almost everyone on travel. Would it be better if a blanket rule were put in place for politicians against airline upgrades pertaining to private or unofficial travel? I don’t mean work related travel, but private travel. Would it be cleaner if such a rule existed?
LEIGH:
Look, I’d certainly be relaxed about that, Greg. I’m somebody who flies most of my domestic flights economy rather than business. That’s meant that in the past from time ‑to‑time I’ve received upgrades. Doesn’t happen if you book business. But of course that then means the taxpayer’s paying twice as much.
JENNETT:
Ever been upgraded on personal travel unexpectedly?
LEIGH:
It’s happened to me before. You don’t ask for it, and it’s not something that’s ever changed my decision. I don’t think there’s anyone who’s been as vociferous a critic of Qantas in the parliament as me. I’ve been very strongly critical of their cancellations of Sydney‑Canberra flights and a strong advocate of more competition in the aviation sector. Indeed, I gave a speech on it recently.
JENNETT:
Ok, so just to be clear, any personal upgrade you believe was unconnected to your line of work as a politician? Because that’s the grey line here around the Anthony Albanese episodes, isn’t it?
LEIGH:
Yeah. I have no idea on what basis they make those decisions. Certainly, I report as the Prime Minister has done, and it’s never affected my decisions. I’ll continue to be a strong advocate for more competition in the aviation sector.
JENNETT:
Understood. You certainly have been that. Andrew Leigh, we thank you, as always.